For the last decade the Belgian activist has been researching how open source communities work and function. Market economies and capitalism are fundamentally based on the double entry ledger accounting, separation of capital and labor, financing and technological breakthroughs from steam engine to internet. Open source communities are permissionless aggregations, based not on commodity or labor, but built on the contribution to create shared resources, the commons. These free aggregations around mutualized resources have no power hierarchy, only control hierarchy (i.e. there are gatekeepers to protect the integrity of the ecosystem). Open source communities are more inclusive, but also more competitive at the same time. When innovation becomes collective, they can outcompete isolated private companies, having more global and broader base of contributors than R&D departments: e.g. Wikipedia is an open source encyclopedia that can not easily be replicated by private enterprises. Commons are shared resources, managed by stakeholders in P2P networks and governed by the norms and rules of the communities they serve. Primary ways people interacted through history were commons as in the premodern collectivism era. Capitalism deprived commons of natural resources: for example agriculture has seen its spaces limited by land appropriated to develop cities. There are four phases or types of commons: natural resources, social, open and urban commons. The former are recently increasing exponentially in mobility, housing, food and energy projects. For mobility there are private, public and commons transportation systems; for housing too there are private, public housing and social or commons cooperative housing. When and where markets and states fail, civic associations are created to cope. Food commons are not producing but usually redistributing initiatives in the same way car sharing solutions redistribute mobility. However food and energy commons are two exceptions: organic agricultural commons do not split between consumption and production, while renewable energy localize energy production closest to where consumption is needed. “Cosmological” production system can be simplified as follows: “everything light is shared, everything heavy is local” says Mr Bauwens. There is a convergence of social commons with the manufacturing system (which coincidentally is similar tot the economic agenda of the Trump administration in repatriating manufacturing factories back to the US and close to the consumers for strategical and occupational reasons).