Selenium 基本使用
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
input = browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
input.send_keys('Python')
input.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)
wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'content_left')))
print(browser.current_url)
print(browser.get_cookies())
print(browser.page_source)
finally:
browser.close()
宣告瀏覽器物件
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from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser = webdriver.Edge()
browser = webdriver.PhantomJS()
browser = webdriver.Safari()
訪問頁面
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
print(browser.page_source)
browser.close()
查詢元素
單個元素
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from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element_by_id('q')
input_second = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#q')
input_third = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="q"]')
print(input_first, input_second, input_third)
browser.close()
- find_element_by_name
- find_element_by_xpath
- find_element_by_link_text
- find_element_by_partial_link_text
- find_element_by_tag_name
- find_element_by_class_name
- find_element_by_css_selector
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element(By.ID, 'q')
print(input_first)
browser.close()
多個元素
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from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
lis = browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('.service-bd li')
print(lis)
browser.close()
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
lis = browser.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.service-bd li')
print(lis)
browser.close()
- find_elements_by_name
- find_elements_by_xpath
- find_elements_by_link_text
- find_elements_by_partial_link_text
- find_elements_by_tag_name
- find_elements_by_class_name
- find_elements_by_css_selector
元素互動操作
對獲取的元素呼叫互動方法
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input = browser.find_element_by_id('q')
input.send_keys('iPhone')
time.sleep(1)
input.clear()
input.send_keys('iPad')
button = browser.find_element_by_class_name('btn-search')
button.click()
更多操作: http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement
互動動作
將動作附加到動作鏈中序列執行
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from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'
browser.get(url)
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')
target = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#droppable')
actions = ActionChains(browser)
actions.drag_and_drop(source, target)
actions.perform()
更多操作: http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains
執行JavaScript
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from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
browser.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)')
browser.execute_script('alert("To Bottom")')
獲取元素資訊
獲取屬性
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
logo = browser.find_element_by_id('zh-top-link-logo')
print(logo)
print(logo.get_attribute('class'))
獲取文字值
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.text)
獲取ID、位置、標籤名、大小
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.id)
print(input.location)
print(input.tag_name)
print(input.size)
Frame
In [ ]:
import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'
browser.get(url)
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')
print(source)
try:
logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')
except NoSuchElementException:
print('NO LOGO')
browser.switch_to.parent_frame()
logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')
print(logo)
print(logo.text)
等待
隱式等待
當使用了隱式等待執行測試的時候，如果 WebDriver沒有在 DOM中找到元素，將繼續等待，超出設定時間後則丟擲找不到元素的異常, 換句話說，當查詢元素或元素並沒有立即出現的時候，隱式等待將等待一段時間再查詢 DOM，預設的時間是0
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.implicitly_wait(10)
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input)
顯式等待
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)
input = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'q')))
button = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.btn-search')))
print(input, button)
- title_is 標題是某內容
- title_contains 標題包含某內容
- presence_of_element_located 元素加載出，傳入定位元組，如(By.ID, 'p')
- visibility_of_element_located 元素可見，傳入定位元組
- visibility_of 可見，傳入元素物件
- presence_of_all_elements_located 所有元素加載出
- text_to_be_present_in_element 某個元素文字包含某文字
- text_to_be_present_in_element_value 某個元素值包含某文字
- frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it frame載入並切換
- invisibility_of_element_located 元素不可見
- element_to_be_clickable 元素可點選
- staleness_of 判斷一個元素是否仍在DOM，可判斷頁面是否已經重新整理
- element_to_be_selected 元素可選擇，傳元素物件
- element_located_to_be_selected 元素可選擇，傳入定位元組
- element_selection_state_to_be 傳入元素物件以及狀態，相等返回True，否則返回False
- element_located_selection_state_to_be 傳入定位元組以及狀態，相等返回True，否則返回False
- alert_is_present 是否出現Alert
詳細內容：http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions
前進後退
In [ ]:
import time
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
browser.get('https://www.python.org/')
browser.back()
time.sleep(1)
browser.forward()
browser.close()
Cookies
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.add_cookie({'name': 'name', 'domain': 'www.zhihu.com', 'value': 'germey'})
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.delete_all_cookies()
print(browser.get_cookies())
選項卡管理
In [ ]:
import time
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
browser.execute_script('window.open()')
print(browser.window_handles)
browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[1])
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
time.sleep(1)
browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[0])
browser.get('https://python.org')
異常處理
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome() browser.get('https://www.baidu.com') browser.find_element_by_id('hello')
In [ ]:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException, NoSuchElementException
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
except TimeoutException:
print('Time Out')
try:
browser.find_element_by_id('hello')
except NoSuchElementException:
print('No Element')
finally:
browser.close()