（三）Git常用命令
阿新 • • 發佈：2022-05-28
一、設定使用者簽名
1.1 基本語法
git config --global user.name 使用者名稱
git config --global user.email 郵箱
1.2 案例操作
全域性範圍的簽名設定
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master) $ git config --global user.name Layne Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master) $ git config --global user.email [email protected] Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master) $ cat ~/.gitconfig [user] name = Layne email = [email protected]
說明：
簽名的作用是區分不同操作者身份。使用者的簽名信息在每一個版本的提交資訊中能夠看到，以此確認本次提交是誰做的。Git 首次安裝必須設定一下使用者簽名，否則無法提交程式碼。
注意：這裡設定使用者簽名和將來登入 GitHub（或其他程式碼託管中心）的賬號沒有任何關係。
二、初始化本地庫
2.1 基本語法
git init
2.2 案例操作
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 $ git init Initialized empty Git repository in D:/Git-Space/SH0720/.git/ Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master) $ ll -a total 4 drwxr-xr-x 1 Layne 197609 0 11 月 25 14:07 ./ drwxr-xr-x 1 Layne 197609 0 11 月 25 14:07 ../ drwxr-xr-x 1 Layne 197609 0 11 月 25 14:07 .git/ （.git 初始化的效果，生成 git）
2.3 結果檢視
三、檢視本地庫狀態
3.1 基本語法
git status
3.2 案例操作
1、首次檢視（ 工作區沒有任何檔案）
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet
nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)
2、新增檔案（hello.txt)
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master) $ vim hello.txt hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu! hello git! hello atguigu!
3、再次檢視（ 檢測到未追蹤的檔案）
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet
Untracked files:
(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
hello.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add"to track)
四、新增暫存區
4.1 將工作區的檔案新增到暫存區
1、基本語法
git add 檔名
2、案例實操
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git add hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.
4.2 檢視狀態（ 檢測到暫存區 有新檔案）
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet
Changes to be committed:
(use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
new file: hello.txt
五、提交本地庫
5.1 將暫存區的檔案提交到本地庫
1、基本語法
git commit -m " 日誌資訊" 檔名
2、案例操作
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git commit -m "my first commit" hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.
[master (root-commit) 86366fa] my first commit
1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 hello.txt
5.2 檢視狀態（沒有檔案需要提交）
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
六、修改檔案（hello.txt）
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ vim hello.txt
hello git! hello atguigu! 2222222222222
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
6.1 檢視狀態（ 檢測到工作區有檔案被修改）
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: hello.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
6.2 將修改的檔案再次新增暫存區
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git add hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.
6.3 檢視狀態（ 工作區的修改新增到了暫存區）
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
modified: hello.txt
七、歷史版本
7.1 檢視歷史版本
1、基本語法
git reflog 檢視版本資訊
git log 檢視版本詳細資訊
2、案例操作
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git reflog
087a1a7 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: my third commit
ca8ded6 HEAD@{1}: commit: my second commit
86366fa HEAD@{2}: commit (initial): my first commit
7.2 版本穿梭
1、基本語法
git reset --hard 版本號
2、案例操作
--首先檢視當前的歷史記錄，可以看到當前是在 087a1a7 這個版本
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git reflog
087a1a7 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: my third commit
ca8ded6 HEAD@{1}: commit: my second commit
86366fa HEAD@{2}: commit (initial): my first commit
--切換到 86366fa 版本，也就是我們第一次提交的版本
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git reset --hard 86366fa
HEAD is now at 86366fa my first commit
--切換完畢之後再檢視歷史記錄，當前成功切換到了 86366fa 版本
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git reflog
86366fa (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to 86366fa
087a1a7 HEAD@{1}: commit: my third commit
ca8ded6 HEAD@{2}: commit: my second commit
86366fa (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{3}: commit (initial): my first commit
--然後檢視檔案 hello.txt，發現檔案內容已經變化
$ cat hello.txt
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
Git 切換版本，底層其實是移動的 HEAD 指標，具體原理如下圖所示。