11.第九章 磁碟儲存和檔案系統管理
阿新 • • 發佈：2020-12-06
第一部分
1、建立一個2G的檔案系統，塊大小為2048byte，預留1%可用空間，檔案系統ext4，卷標為TEST，要求此分割槽開機後自動掛載至/test目錄，且預設有acl掛載選項
#新新增一塊10G磁碟 [root@centos8 ~]# scandisk [root@centos8 ~]# alias scandisk alias scandisk='echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan;echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan;echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan' [root@centos8 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part /mnt/sdb1 ├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part ├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part └─sdb5 8:21 0 3G 0 part sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk ├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part └─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part sdd 8:48 0 10G 0 disk #這個是新新增的磁碟 sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom nvme0n1 259:0 0 5G 0 disk [root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdd Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table. Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x0712eaa0. Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): p Partition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +2G Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdd: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0712eaa0 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdd1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [root@centos8 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part /mnt/sdb1 ├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part ├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part └─sdb5 8:21 0 3G 0 part sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk ├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part └─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part sdd 8:48 0 10G 0 disk └─sdd1 8:49 0 2G 0 part #新建的分割槽 sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom nvme0n1 259:0 0 5G 0 disk [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 -m 1 -L TEST /dev/sdd1 #-b 2048 塊大小為2048byte -m 1 預留1% -L TEST 卷標名為TEST mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019) Creating filesystem with 1048576 2k blocks and 131072 inodes Filesystem UUID: 0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdd1 tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019) Filesystem volume name: TEST #卷標名為TEST。 Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: 0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl #centos8 ext4檔案系統，預設就有acl功能，不需要單獨設定 Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 131072 Block count: 1048576 Reserved block count: 10485 #預留塊大小 Free blocks: 1011035 Free inodes: 131061 First block: 0 Block size: 2048 #塊大小為2048。 Fragment size: 2048 Group descriptor size: 64 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 Blocks per group: 16384 Fragments per group: 16384 Inodes per group: 2048 Inode blocks per group: 256 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Thu Dec 3 22:58:44 2020 Last mount time: n/a Last write time: Thu Dec 3 22:58:44 2020 Mount count: 0 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Thu Dec 3 22:58:44 2020 Check interval: 0 (<none>) Lifetime writes: 1058 kB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) #預留給誰使用，root。 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 32 Desired extra isize: 32 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: c99589a0-f6eb-4dd6-a178-b4113c273353 Journal backup: inode blocks Checksum type: crc32c Checksum: 0xc13d6cca [root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /test #建立掛載目錄 [root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/sdd1 #檢視UUID和檔案系統型別 /dev/sdd1: LABEL="TEST" UUID="0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="0712eaa0-01" [root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/fstab #新增下面行 UUID=0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386 /test ext4 defaults 0 0 :wq [root@centos8 ~]# mount -a #自動掛載 [root@centos8 ~]# mount sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime) proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime) devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=905164k,nr_inodes=226291,mode=755) securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755) tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd) pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime) bpf on /sys/fs/bpf type bpf (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,mode=700) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls,net_prio) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpu,cpuacct) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,rdma) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio) configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime) /dev/sda2 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota) systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=34,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=23440) hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,pagesize=2M) debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime) mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime) /dev/sda3 on /data type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota) /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw,relatime) tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=184384k,mode=700) /dev/sdb1 on /mnt/sdb1 type ext4 (rw,noatime,nodiratime) /dev/sdd1 on /test type ext4 (rw,relatime) #已經掛載 [root@centos8 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part /mnt/sdb1 ├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part ├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part └─sdb5 8:21 0 3G 0 part sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk ├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part └─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part sdd 8:48 0 10G 0 disk └─sdd1 8:49 0 2G 0 part /test #已經掛載 sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom nvme0n1 259:0 0 5G 0 disk [root@centos8 ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 905164 0 905164 0% /dev tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 921932 8940 912992 1% /run tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda2 104806400 2152664 102653736 3% / /dev/sda3 52403200 398448 52004752 1% /data /dev/sda1 999320 137644 792864 15% /boot tmpfs 184384 0 184384 0% /run/user/0 /dev/sdb1 1031836 2821 972491 1% /mnt/sdb1 /dev/sdd1 2031306 9236 1992908 1% /test #已經掛載
2、寫一個指令碼，完成如下功能：
（1）列出當前系統識別到的所有磁碟裝置
（2）如磁碟數量為1，則顯示其空間使用資訊
否則，則顯示最後一個磁碟上的空間使用資訊
[root@centos8 ~]# vim disk_used.sh #!/bin/bash # #************************************************************* #Author: zhanghui #QQ: 19661891 #Date: 2020-12-04 #FileName: disk_used.sh #URL: www.neteagles.cn #Description: The test script #Copyright (C): 2020 All rights reserved #*********************************************************** disk=`lsblk | sed -nr 's/(^sd[[:lower:]]).*/\1/p'` disk_num=`lsblk | sed -nr 's/(^sd[[:lower:]]).*/\1/p'| wc -l` disk_end=`lsblk | sed -nr 's/(^sd[[:lower:]]).*/\1/p' | sed -n '$p'` if [ $disk_num -eq 1 ];then df | grep "/dev/$disk" else df | grep "/dev/$disk_end" fi :wq [root@centos8 ~]# bash disk_used.sh /dev/sda2 104806400 4868684 99937716 5% / /dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data /dev/sda1 999320 192580 737928 21% /boot #新增兩塊硬碟 [root@centos8 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 0 5G 0 disk sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom [root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table. Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2e83806e. Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): p Partition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +2G Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x2e83806e Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): p Partition number (2-4, default 2): First sector (4196352-10485759, default 4196352): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4196352-10485759, default 10485759): Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 3 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x2e83806e Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 4196352 10485759 6289408 3G 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [root@centos8 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 0 5G 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part └─sdb2 8:18 0 3G 0 part sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019) Creating filesystem with 524288 4k blocks and 131072 inodes Filesystem UUID: c520fbef-2726-4ab2-b54f-b654bd6c6a1f Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2 mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019) Creating filesystem with 786176 4k blocks and 196608 inodes Filesystem UUID: b5efe116-aec1-41e7-80a2-3791b3ee5669 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdb{1,2} [root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1 [root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/sdb2 [root@centos8 ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 893740 0 893740 0% /dev tmpfs 921916 0 921916 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 921916 9528 912388 2% /run tmpfs 921916 0 921916 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda2 104806400 4868932 99937468 5% / /dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data /dev/sda1 999320 192580 737928 21% /boot tmpfs 184380 1168 183212 1% /run/user/42 tmpfs 184380 4 184376 1% /run/user/0 /dev/sdb1 1998672 6144 1871288 1% /mnt/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 3029776 9216 2846944 1% /mnt/sdb2 [root@centos8 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 0 5G 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /mnt/sdb1 └─sdb2 8:18 0 3G 0 part /mnt/sdb2 sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom [root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table. Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2885d32c. Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): p Partition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +3G Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 3 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdc: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x2885d32c Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdc1 2048 6293503 6291456 3G 83 Linux Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): p Partition number (2-4, default 2): First sector (6293504-10485759, default 6293504): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (6293504-10485759, default 10485759): Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdc: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x2885d32c Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdc1 2048 6293503 6291456 3G 83 Linux /dev/sdc2 6293504 10485759 4192256 2G 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [root@centos8 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 0 5G 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /mnt/sdb1 └─sdb2 8:18 0 3G 0 part /mnt/sdb2 sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk ├─sdc1 8:33 0 3G 0 part └─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1 mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019) Creating filesystem with 786432 4k blocks and 196608 inodes Filesystem UUID: e4eac13f-f7aa-4cb1-9c72-d492f16231b9 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc2 mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019) Creating filesystem with 524032 4k blocks and 131072 inodes Filesystem UUID: 91996752-51a6-42c3-9398-fdc9c58aa39f Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (8192 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdc{1,2} [root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/sdc1 [root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdc2 /mnt/sdc2 [root@centos8 ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 893740 0 893740 0% /dev tmpfs 921916 0 921916 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 921916 9536 912380 2% /run tmpfs 921916 0 921916 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda2 104806400 4868932 99937468 5% / /dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data /dev/sda1 999320 192580 737928 21% /boot tmpfs 184380 1168 183212 1% /run/user/42 tmpfs 184380 4 184376 1% /run/user/0 /dev/sdb1 1998672 6144 1871288 1% /mnt/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 3029776 9216 2846944 1% /mnt/sdb2 /dev/sdc1 3030800 9216 2847916 1% /mnt/sdc1 /dev/sdc2 2030416 6144 1903084 1% /mnt/sdc2 [root@centos8 ~]# bash disk_used.sh /dev/sdc1 3030800 9216 2847916 1% /mnt/sdc1 /dev/sdc2 2030416 6144 1903084 1% /mnt/sdc2
3、將CentOS6的CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso和CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso兩個檔案，合併成一個CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso檔案，並將其配置為yum源
方法1：
先新增一個光碟機，把CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso載入到/dev/sr0和把CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso載入到/dev/sr1
[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/iso #建立複製DVD1和DVD2的目錄 [root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/dvd1 #建立掛載DVD1的目錄 [root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/dvd2 #建立掛載DVD2的目錄 [root@centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/dvd1 #掛載DVD1 mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only [root@centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sr1 /mnt/dvd2 #掛載DVD2 mount: block device /dev/sr1 is write-protected, mounting read-only [root@centos6 ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 100902304 853756 94916260 1% / tmpfs 501508 0 501508 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 999320 30712 916180 4% /boot /dev/sda3 51475068 53064 48800564 1% /data /dev/sr0 3897932 3897932 0 100% /mnt/dvd1 /dev/sr1 2136278 2136278 0 100% /mnt/dvd2 [root@centos6 ~]# ls /mnt/dvd1 CentOS_BuildTag images repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6 EFI isolinux RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 TRANS.TBL EULA Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6 GPL RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6 [root@centos6 ~]# ls /mnt/dvd2 CentOS_BuildTag Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6 EULA RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6 TRANS.TBL [root@centos6 ~]# cp -av /mnt/dvd1/* /mnt/iso #把DVD1複製到/mnt/iso目錄 [root@centos6 ~]# cp -v /mnt/dvd2/Packages/*.rpm /mnt/iso/Packages/ #複製DVD2到/mnt/iso #合併TRANS.TBL #將DVD2中TRANS.TBL的資訊追加到DVD1中TRANS.TBL後面, 並排序儲存 [root@centos6 ~]# cat /mnt/dvd2/Packages/TRANS.TBL >> /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL [root@centos6 ~]# mv /mnt/iso/Packages/{TRANS.TBL,TRANS.TBL.BAK} [root@centos6 ~]# sort /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL.BAK > /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL [root@centos6 ~]# rm -rf /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL.BAK #/mnt/iso已經是合併後的檔案了 [root@centos6 ~]# du -sh /mnt/iso 5.9G /mnt/iso [root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /data/iso #建立iso檔案目錄 [root@centos6 ~]# yum -y install mkisofs #安裝建立ISO檔案工具 [root@centos6 ~]# mkisofs -l -J -L -r -V "CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything" -o /data/iso/CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso /mnt/iso #建立ISO檔案 [root@centos6 ~]# ll -h /data/iso total 5.8G -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5.8G Dec 4 01:38 CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso
sz 不支援超過4G的檔案傳輸
用Xftp 把檔案傳到windows裡
#關機移除新新增的光碟機，把/dev/sr0掛載成CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso
[root@centos6 ~]# yum -y install autofs #安裝自動掛載光碟工具
[root@centos6 ~]# service autofs start;chkconfig autofs on #啟動autofs服務，並開機啟動
Loading autofs4: [ OK ]
Starting automount: [ OK ]
[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc
[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc/cd
CentOS_BuildTag images RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
EFI isolinux repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
EULA lost+found RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 TRANS.TBL
GPL Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
[root@centos6 ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/test.repo #設定光碟映象本地源
[base]
name=base
baseurl=file:///misc/cd
checkgpg=0
:wq
[root@centos6 ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
base | 4.0 kB 00:00 ...
repo id repo name status
base base 6,713
repolist: 6,713
方法二：
#先設定光碟機載入CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso
[root@centos6 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 3.7G 0 rom
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 97.7G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 48.8G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
[root@centos6 ~]# dd if=/dev/sr0 bs=1M of=CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso
3807+0 records in
3807+0 records out
3991928832 bytes (4.0 GB) copied, 271.833 s, 14.7 MB/s
[root@centos6 ~]# ll CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso -h
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3.8G Dec 4 18:50 CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso
#把光碟機斷開連線，設定光碟機載入CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso，再連線光碟機
[root@centos6 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 2G 0 rom
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 97.7G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 48.8G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
[root@centos6 ~]# dd if=/dev/sr0 ibs=1k skip=32 of=CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso obs=1M seek=3788
#skip=32參考的ISO9660檔案頭，seek=3788，跳過上個映象的大小。
2136246+0 records in
2086+1 records out
2187515904 bytes (2.2 GB) copied, 154.047 s, 14.2 MB/s
[root@centos6 ~]# ll -h CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5.8G Dec 4 18:56 CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso
sz 不支援超過4G的檔案傳輸
用Xftp 把檔案傳到windows裡
#把光碟機斷開連線，設定CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso,再連線光碟機
[root@centos6 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 5.8G 0 rom
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 97.7G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 48.8G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
[root@centos6 ~]# yum -y install autofs #安裝自動掛載光碟工具
[root@centos6 ~]# service autofs start;chkconfig autofs on #啟動autofs服務，並開機啟動
Loading autofs4: [ OK ]
Starting automount: [ OK ]
[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc
[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc/cd
CentOS_BuildTag images RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
EFI isolinux repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
EULA lost+found RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 TRANS.TBL
GPL Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
[root@centos6 ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/test.repo #設定光碟映象本地源
[base]
name=base
baseurl=file:///misc/cd
checkgpg=0
:wq
[root@centos6 ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
base | 4.0 kB 00:00 ...
repo id repo name status
base base 6,713
repolist: 6,713
第二部分 RAID
1、建立一個可用空間為1G的RAID裝置，檔案系統為ext4，有一個空閒盤,開機可自動掛載至/backup目錄
[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk
sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom
#新增三塊新硬碟/dev/sdb、/dev/sdc和/dev/sdd
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf -y install mdadm
[root@centos8 ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/sd{b,c,d}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? (y/n) y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk
└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1
sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk
└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1
sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk
└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1
sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom
[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Creating filesystem with 261632 4k blocks and 65408 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@centos8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/md0
tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: 5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 65408
Block count: 261632
Reserved block count: 13081
Free blocks: 252781
Free inodes: 65397
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 127
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8176
Inode blocks per group: 511
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Dec 4 16:56:44 2020
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Dec 4 16:56:44 2020
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Dec 4 16:56:44 2020
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 533 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: d8599d77-afd5-4e2f-80c6-f206e7dc2bab
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0x066b1a44
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /backup
[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/md0
/dev/md0: UUID="5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a" TYPE="ext4"
[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/fstab
#新增下面內容
UUID=5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a /backup ext4 defaults 0 0
:wq
[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a
[root@centos8 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev
tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run
tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /
/dev/sda3 50G 390M 50G 1% /data
/dev/sda1 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot
tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/md0 990M 2.6M 921M 1% /backup
[root@centos8 ~]# reboot
[root@centos8 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev
tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run
tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /
/dev/sda3 50G 390M 50G 1% /data
/dev/sda1 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot
/dev/md0 990M 2.6M 921M 1% /backup
tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk
└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1 /backup
sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk
└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1 /backup
sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk
└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1 /backup
sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom
2、建立由三塊硬碟組成的可用空間為2G的RAID5裝置，要求其chunk大小為256k，檔案系統為ext4，開機可自動掛載至/mydata目錄
[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk
sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom
#新增三塊新硬碟/dev/sdb、/dev/sdc和/dev/sdd
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf -y install mdadm
[root@centos8 ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -a yes -l 5 -n 3 -c 256 /dev/sd{b,c,d}
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk
└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5
sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk
└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5
sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk
└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5
sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom
[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1
mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Creating filesystem with 523264 4k blocks and 130816 inodes
Filesystem UUID: d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@centos8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/md1
tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 130816
Block count: 523264
Reserved block count: 26163
Free blocks: 505316
Free inodes: 130805
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 255
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8176
Inode blocks per group: 511
RAID stride: 64
RAID stripe width: 128
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Dec 4 17:24:39 2020
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Dec 4 17:24:40 2020
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Dec 4 17:24:39 2020
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 1045 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: f959b864-fcb7-4eb0-8088-f04be25671fd
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0x7e59f1b1
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mydata
[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/md1
/dev/md1: UUID="d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233" TYPE="ext4"
[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/fstab
#新增下面內容
UUID=d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233 /mydata ext4 defaults 0 0
:wq
[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a
[root@centos8 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 905164 0 905164 0% /dev
tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 921932 8900 913032 1% /run
tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 104806400 2149500 102656900 3% /
/dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data
/dev/sda1 999320 137584 792924 15% /boot
tmpfs 184384 0 184384 0% /run/user/0
/dev/md1 2027408 6144 1900228 1% /mydata
[root@centos8 ~]# reboot
[root@centos8 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 905164 0 905164 0% /dev
tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 921932 8908 913024 1% /run
tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 104806400 2148524 102657876 3% /
/dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data
/dev/sda1 999320 137580 792928 15% /boot
/dev/md1 2027408 6144 1900228 1% /mydata
tmpfs 184384 0 184384 0% /run/user/0
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk
└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5 /mydata
sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk
└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5 /mydata
sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk
└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5 /mydata
sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom
第三部分 LVM
1、建立一個至少有兩個PV組成的大小為20G的名為testvg的VG；需求PE大小為16MB，而後在卷組中的建立大小為5G的邏輯卷testlv；掛載至/users目錄
[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 15G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom
#新增兩塊硬碟sdb、sdc
[root@centos8 ~]# pvs /dev/sd{b,c}
-bash: pvs: command not found
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf -y install lvm2
[root@centos8 ~]# pvs
[root@centos8 ~]# vgs
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
[root@centos8 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd{b,c} #把兩塊硬碟加到物理卷
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created.
[root@centos8 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 15.00g 15.00g
/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 5.00g 5.00g
[root@centos8 ~]# vgcreate -s 16M testvg /dev/sd{b,c} #把 /dev/sdb和/dev/sdc加入到卷組，塊大小為16M
Volume group "testvg" successfully created
[root@centos8 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
testvg 2 0 0 wz--n- <19.97g <19.97g
[root@centos8 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdb testvg lvm2 a-- 14.98g 14.98g
/dev/sdc testvg lvm2 a-- 4.98g 4.98g
[root@centos8 ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name testvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size <19.97 GiB #卷組大小20G
PE Size 16.00 MiB #塊大小為16M
Total PE 1278
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 1278 / <19.97 GiB
VG UUID ICjCEw-pbWT-0jUt-f4hV-lDOJ-YSSq-o3tq5U
[root@centos8 ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n testlv testvg #建立邏輯卷testlv，大小5G
Logical volume "testlv" created.
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
testlv testvg -wi-a----- 5.00g
[root@centos8 ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv
LV Name testlv
VG Name testvg
LV UUID aPZyRk-7n9N-P7ol-ZwJv-2LHI-aOm2-8tED5j
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time centos8.neteagles.cn, 2020-12-06 19:54:00 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 5.00 GiB
Current LE 320
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/testvg/testlv #建立邏輯卷檔案系統
mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Creating filesystem with 1310720 4k blocks and 327680 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 81a7eb1b-72ae-4d5c-9d0f-44a3daa14610
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /users
[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/ #掛載邏輯卷
[root@centos8 ~]# df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 xfs 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /
/dev/sda3 xfs 50G 390M 50G 1% /data
/dev/sda1 ext4 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4 4.9G 20M 4.6G 1% /users #已被掛載
2、新建使用者archlinux，需求其家目錄為/users/archlinux，而後s
u切換至archlinux使用者，複製/etc/pam.d目錄至自己的家目錄
[root@centos8 ~]# useradd -d /users/archlinux archlinux
[root@centos8 ~]# getent passwd archlinux
archlinux:x:1001:1001::/users/archlinux:/bin/bash
[root@centos8 ~]# su archlinux
[archlinux@centos8 root]$ cp -r /etc/pam.d ~
[archlinux@centos8 root]$ ll -a /users/archlinux/
total 28
drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:57 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 6 19:56 ..
-rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 93 Dec 6 19:57 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Nov 9 2019 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 141 Nov 9 2019 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 312 Nov 9 2019 .bashrc
drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:56 pam.d
3、擴充套件testlv至7G，需求archlinux使用者的檔案不能丟失
[archlinux@centos8 root]$ exit
exit
[root@centos8 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
testvg 2 1 0 wz--n- <19.97g <14.97g #卷組可用空間為15G
[root@centos8 ~]# lvextend -r -L +2G /dev/testvg/testlv
Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 5.00 GiB (320 extents) to 7.00 GiB (448 extents).
Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.
resize2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Filesystem at /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv is now 1835008 (4k) blocks long.
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
testlv testvg -wi-ao---- 7.00g
[root@centos8 ~]# df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 xfs 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /
/dev/sda3 xfs 50G 390M 50G 1% /data
/dev/sda1 ext4 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4 6.9G 23M 6.5G 1% /users
[root@centos8 ~]# ll -a /users/archlinux/
total 28
drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:57 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 6 19:56 ..
-rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 93 Dec 6 19:57 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Nov 9 2019 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 141 Nov 9 2019 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 312 Nov 9 2019 .bashrc
drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:56 pam.d #資料還在
4、收縮testlv至3G，要求archlinux使用者的檔案不能丟失
[root@centos8 ~]# umount /dev/testvg/testlv #取消掛載
[root@centos8 ~]# fsck -f /dev/testvg/testlv #檢查檔案系統
fsck from util-linux 2.32.1
e2fsck 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv: 40/458752 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 50972/1835008 blocks
[root@centos8 ~]# resize2fs /dev/testvg/testlv 3G #縮減檔案系統
resize2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv to 786432 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv is now 786432 (4k) blocks long.
[root@centos8 ~]# lvreduce -L 3G /dev/testvg/testlv #縮減邏輯卷
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 3.00 GiB.
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce testvg/testlv? [y/n]: y
Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 7.00 GiB (448 extents) to 3.00 GiB (192 extents).
Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.
[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/ #掛載邏輯卷
[root@centos8 ~]# df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 xfs 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /
/dev/sda3 xfs 50G 390M 50G 1% /data
/dev/sda1 ext4 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4 2.9G 16M 2.8G 1% /users #現在已經縮減至3G
[root@centos8 ~]# ll -a /users/archlinux/
total 28
drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:57 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 6 19:56 ..
-rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 93 Dec 6 19:57 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Nov 9 2019 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 141 Nov 9 2019 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 312 Nov 9 2019 .bashrc
drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:56 pam.d
#資料還在
5、對testlv建立快照，並嘗試基於快照備份資料，驗證快照的功能
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
testlv testvg -wi-ao---- 3.00g #邏輯卷還有未使用空間
[root@centos8 ~]# lvcreate -s -L 1G -n testlv-snapshot -p r /dev/testvg/testlv
Logical volume "testlv-snapshot" created.
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
testlv testvg owi-aos--- 3.00g
testlv-snapshot testvg sri-a-s--- 1.00g testlv 0.01
[root@centos8 ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv
LV Name testlv
VG Name testvg
LV UUID aPZyRk-7n9N-P7ol-ZwJv-2LHI-aOm2-8tED5j
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time centos8.neteagles.cn, 2020-12-06 19:54:00 +0800
LV snapshot status source of
testlv-snapshot [active]
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 3.00 GiB
Current LE 192
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv-snapshot
LV Name testlv-snapshot
VG Name testvg
LV UUID PvdE7T-kJCO-ogxX-bjZ3-jRbT-SwVn-z9KqJ9
LV Write Access read only
LV Creation host, time centos8.neteagles.cn, 2020-12-06 20:12:33 +0800
LV snapshot status active destination for testlv
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 3.00 GiB
Current LE 192
COW-table size 1.00 GiB
COW-table LE 64
Allocated to snapshot 0.01%
Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KiB
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:3
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mnt/testlv-snapshot
[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv-snapshot /mnt/testlv-snapshot/
mount: /mnt/testlv-snapshot: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /mnt/testlv-snapshot/
archlinux lost+found
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /users/
archlinux lost+found
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /users/archlinux/
pam.d
[root@centos8 ~]# rm -rf /users/archlinux/pam.d/ #刪除邏輯卷中的牡蠣
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /users/archlinux/ #邏輯卷中已經沒有了
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/
pam.d
#快照中還在
[root@centos8 ~]# rm -rf /mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/runuser': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/polkit-1': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/systemd-user': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/passwd': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/password-auth': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/vmtoolsd': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/system-auth': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/vlock': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/runuser-l': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sssd-shadowutils': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/su': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/postlogin': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/remote': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sudo-i': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/fingerprint-auth': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sshd': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/config-util': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/su-l': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/smartcard-auth': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sudo': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/other': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/login': Read-only file system
rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/crond': Read-only file system
#快照中的檔案不能刪除
[root@centos8 ~]# umount /dev/testvg/testlv #取消掛載邏輯卷
[root@centos8 ~]# umount /mnt/testlv-snapshot/ #取消掛載快照
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
testlv testvg owi-a-s--- 3.00g
testlv-snapshot testvg sri-a-s--- 1.00g testlv 0.01
[root@centos8 ~]# lvconvert --merge /dev/testvg/testlv-snapshot #合併快照
Merging of volume testvg/testlv-snapshot started.
testvg/testlv: Merged: 100.00%
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
testlv testvg -wi-a----- 3.00g #快照只是一次性的，還原過後就沒有了
[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/
#掛載邏輯卷
[root@centos8 ~]# ll /users/
total 20
drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:57 archlinux
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Dec 6 19:54 lost+found
[root@centos8 ~]# ll /users/archlinux/
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:56 pam.d
#還原成做快照時的檔案了